Secondary Factors You maintain density by increasing mAs as distance also increases. H-117 Introductory Health Physics Slide 31 Using the inverse square law, calculate the dose rate at 4 feet away from a point source if the dose rate is originally 1000 R/hr at 2 feet. WebFor 10-stops ND filter, if the base shutter speed (without filter) is seconds, with the use of 10-stops ND filter, the exposure time becomes x 2 10 = x 1000 = 250 seconds. Casts and Splints Radiographic images generally are not repeated to make only a slight visible change. Show all work. A low kVp results in more absorption and less transmission in the anatomic tissues, but with more variation in the x-ray intensities exiting the patient, resulting in a high-contrast (short-scale) image. A, Original image. A patients age, condition, and the presence of a pathologic condition also affect the amount of mAs required for the procedure. WebThe formula is based off of the assumption that hospitalized patients have greater energy expenditure and determines fluid requirements based on weight alone (a proxy for energy expenditure in a non-linear relationship). A high-frequency unit produces more x-rays using the same amount of electricity. Recognize how to correct exposure factors for a density error. Describe the use of grids and beam restriction, and their effect on image receptor exposure and image quality. Shutter Speed. inverse square law The mAs does not have a direct effect on image brightness when using digital IRs. Typically, exposure occurs by one of three exposure routesinhalation, ingestion, or dermal. The characteristics evaluated for image quality are density or brightness, contrast, recorded detail or spatial resolution, distortion, and noise. Show all work. WebUse the Exposure Maintenance Formula. See Answer Question: Instructions: Find the missing factor. Using our exposure calculator is easy. FIGURE 10-1 mAs and Radiation Exposure.As the quantity of x-rays is increased (mAs), the exposure to the image receptor proportionally increases. You can also solve for the other settings if you have a preferred exposure value. . Math Application 10-2 Soft Tissue 100mA0.2s=20mAs Calculate changes in mAs when adding or removing a grid. For film-screen IRs, kVp has a direct relationship with density; however, the effect of the kVp on density is not equal throughout the range of kVp (low, middle, and high). Kilovoltage 6- stops extends my shutter speed to 2.5 seconds. As the mAs is decreased, the amount of radiation reaching the IR is decreased. F-Number (Aperture) Sunny f/16 rule. Conversely, when the quantity of x-rays is decreased, the exposure to the IR decreases. Focal spot size is an important consideration for the radiographer because the focal spot size affects recorded detail. The 15% rule states that changing the kVp by 15% has the same effect as doubling the mAs, or reducing the mAs by 50%; for example, increasing the kVp from 82 to 94 (15%) produces the same exposure to the IR as increasing the mAs from 10 to 20. WebExposure Calculations Properly exposing a radiograph is often a trial and error process, as there are many variables that affect the final radiograph. When a film image is too light (insufficient density), a greater increase in mAs may be needed to correct the density, or the mAs may need to be decreased to correct a film image that has excessive density. Objectives Object-to-Image Receptor Distance However, with this increase in photon energy, the likelihood of Compton interactions relative to photoelectric interactions also increases. Source-to-Image Receptor Distance mAs and Quantity of Radiation WebCalculate the exposure time Of any product The exposure time calculator is a quick and straightforward tool that enables you to determine the exposure time needed to obtain the best possible image with Teledyne ICM generators regardless of I wrote this tool to plan long exposures outside my camera's typical range. As the quantity of x-rays is increased (mAs), the exposure to the image receptor proportionally increases. A greater change in the kVp is needed when operating at a high kVp (greater than 90) compared with operating at a low kVp (less than 70) (Figure 10-5). Projections and Positions This typically brings the optical densities back within the straight-line portion of the films sensitometric curve to best visualize the anatomic area of interest. Maintenance margin is the amount of equity, expressed as a percentage, that must be maintained in a margin account. ionizing radiation. More often, the radiographer evaluates the level of contrast achieved to improve the contrast for additional radiographs or similar circumstances that arise with a different patient. The result is more photons (quantity) and higher energy photons (quality). Changing the kVp affects its absorption and transmission as it interacts with anatomic tissue; however, using a higher kVp reduces the total number of interactions and increases the amount of x-rays transmitted. Example of a Margin Call An investor is looking to purchase a security for $100 with an initial margin of 50% (meaning the investor is using $50 of his money to purchase the security and borrowing the remaining $50 from a The distance between the source of the radiation and the IR, source-to-image receptor distance (SID), Only gold members can continue reading. Calculate changes in mAs when adding or removing a grid. As a result, images with lower contrast are produced. When a low kVp is used, the x-ray beam penetration is decreased, resulting in more absorption and less transmission, which results in greater variation in the x-ray intensities exiting the patient (remnant). Increasing the kVp by 15% increases the exposure to the IR, unless the mAs is decreased. A radiographic image repeated because of insufficient or excessive density requires a change in mAs by a factor of at least 2. and decreasing the kVp decreases IR exposure and the density produced on a film image (Figure 10-4). The kVp affects the contrast in a digital image; however, image brightness and contrast are primarily controlled during computer processing. Want to know how much you should set aside to cover the cost of warranties. Because the mAs is the product of milliamperage and exposure time, increasing milliamperage or time has the same effect on the radiation exposure. kVp and mAs kVp does not produce the same effect across the entire range of kVp used in radiography. Useful wikipedia articles: Exposure Value. The kVp affects the exposure to the IR because it alters the amount and penetrating ability of the x-ray beam. As the mAs is increased, the quantity of radiation reaching the IR is increased. Kilovoltage H-117 Introductory Health Physics Slide 31 Using the inverse square law, calculate the dose rate at 4 feet away from a point source if the dose rate is originally 1000 R/hr at 2 feet. Because kVp affects the amount of radiation reaching the IR, its effect on the digital image is similar to the effect of mAs. When adequate penetration is achieved, further increasing the kVp results in more radiation reaching the IR. The size of the electron stream depends on the size of the filament. A greater increase is needed for high kVp (90 and above) than for low kVp (below 70). variable kVpfixed mAs technique chart Therefore exposure to the IR can be increased or decreased by adjusting the amount of radiation (mAs). How to calculate TEEP. The radiographer must weigh the importance of improved recorded detail for a particular examination or anatomic part against the amount of radiation exposure used. As the time of the exposure is increased by a factor of 2, the number of x-ray photons coming out of the x-ray tube will also be increased by a factor of 2. Identify the exposure factors that can affect patient radiation exposure. ASTM Standards: Consensus Standards For Systems, Services, Materials And Product. In general, for repeat radiographs necessitated by density errors, the mAs is adjusted by a factor of 2; therefore a minimum change involves doubling or halving the mAs. WebHow to solve Exposure (Density) Maintenance Formula Math Equations Compare the effect of changes in milliamperage and exposure time on film-screen and digital images. Knowledge of how these factors affect the image individually and in combination assists the radiographer to produce a radiographic image with the amount of information desired for diagnostic interpretation. Number Of Units (or Service Contracts Sold) Produced Per Period. However, exposure errors can adversely affect the quality of the digital image. For example, when the mAs is increased, density is increased; when the mAs is decreased, density is decreased (Figure 10-2). You may need to run the calculator multiple times to get a complete picture 1) Daily volume formula: (100 mL for each of the first 10 kg) + (50 mL for each kg between 11 and 20) + (20 mL for each additional kg past 20 kg) = 1,000 mL + 500 mL + 120 mL = 1,620 mL. Formula: mAs1 (D1)2 ------- = ------- mAs2 (D2)2 WITH CHANGES IN SID, WHAT FORMULA IS USED TO CALCULATE THE NEW EXPOSURE RATE? Number Of Units (or Service Contracts Sold) Produced Per Period. 5 5. Unlike mAs, the kVp affects the amount of radiation exposure to the IR and radiographic contrast. Too much radiation reaching the IR (within reason) produces a digital image with the appropriate level of brightness as a result of computer adjustment during image processing; however, the patient has been overexposed. Because the mAs is the product of milliamperage and exposure time, increasing milliamperage or time has the same effect on the radiation exposure. WebThe time of the exposure is a relatively easy concept to understand. In these interactions, more Compton scattering than x-ray absorption occurs (photoelectric effect) and more scatter exits the patient. You maintain density by increasing mAs as distance also increases. 200mA50ms(0.05s)=10mAs *** side note: You know that radiation exposure is directly proportional to mAs. 4 4. milliamperage- second mAS The unit used to describe the product of tube current and exposure time. In general, the smallest focal spot size available should be used for every exposure. WebThis is How to Calculate Warranty Liability Costs. After detecting that one of the biggest issues with the factory was too much downtime, the maintenance manager took steps to improve that matter. It equals a net exposure of 60%. fixed kVpvariable mAs technique chart WebPrevention Heat Stress Calculator. All other factors remaining constant, an increase in milliamperage increases the amplitude of both the continuous and discrete portions of the spectrum. B, Decreased in density when the mAs is decreased by half. If not calculating based on ideal body weight, use clinical judgment for dosing. As mentioned earlier, the effects of changes in the kVp are not uniform throughout the range of kVp. Recognize patient factors that may affect image receptor exposure. Radiographic images generally are not repeated to make only a slight visible change. Once the anatomic part is adequately penetrated, as the quantity of x-rays is increased, the exposure to the IR proportionally increases (Figure 10-1). Generator Output Among the changes: the formula for determining the guideline amount of temporary maintenance paid while a divorce is pending in court was adjusted to reduce the guideline amount when maintenance is Adjusting Milliamperage and Exposure Time to Maintain mAs 100 mA 100 ms ( 0.1 s) = 10 mAs To maintain the mAs, use: 50 mA 200 ms ( 0.2 s) = 10 mAs 200 mA 50 ms ( 0.05 s) = 10 mAs It is important for the radiographer to determine the amount of mAs needed to produce a diagnostic image. Similarly, too little radiation reaching the IR (within reason) produces a digital image with the appropriate level of brightness, but the increased noise decreases image quality. For most anatomic regions, an accepted range of kVp provides an appropriate level of radiographic contrast. Fill in the following form to determine whether a workers heat stress is above recommended limits. Describe the use of grids and beam restriction, and their effect on image receptor exposure and image quality. You maintain density by increasing mAs as distance also increases. 4 4. milliamperage- second mAS The unit used to describe the product of tube current and exposure time. Increasing the kVp increases IR exposure and the density produced on a film image. The T 1/2 of Ga-67 is 78 hrs. As focal spot size increases, unsharpness increases and recorded detail decreases; as focal spot size decreases, unsharpness decreases and recorded detail increases. Milliamperage and exposure time have an inverse relationship when maintaining the same mAs. Exposure Rating = 12 weeks * 25% probability = 4 weeks risk exposure Interested in understanding more Lean-Agile Principles? is the way that a contaminant enters an individual or population after contact (IPCS, 2004). Feb 27, 2016 | Posted by admin in GENERAL RADIOLOGY | Comments Off on Radiographic Exposure Technique, Excessive Radiation Exposure and Digital Imaging. Describe the use of grids and beam restriction, and their effect on image receptor exposure and image quality. For most anatomic regions, an accepted range of kVp provides an appropriate level of radiographic contrast. If the radiograph necessitates an adjustment greater than a factor of 2, the radiographer should multiply or divide the mAs by 4 (Figure 10-3). You can also solve for the other settings if you have a preferred exposure value. FIGURE 10-4 kVp and Radiation Exposure.Increasing the kVp increases the penetrating power of the radiation and increases the exposure to the image receptor. The film characteristic, speed, and chemical processing determine the amount of optical density produced on the image for a given mAs. A 1-liter bolus may be appropriate for most patients, such as overweight adolescents and adults. Estimate the radiation dose to the surgeon, and compare it with common radiation exposure sources. WebThe formula is based off of the assumption that hospitalized patients have greater energy expenditure and determines fluid requirements based on weight alone (a proxy for energy expenditure in a non-linear relationship). Increasing the kVp increases IR exposure and the density produced on a film image, and decreasing the kVp decreases IR exposure and the density produced on a film image (Figure 10-4). WebEVS = EV100 + log2(S / 100) where S = desired ISO. Why Use. Pathologic Conditions Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window). I wrote this tool to plan long exposures outside my camera's typical range. This relationship between radiation exposure intensity and density is discussed in more detail in Chapter 9. After detecting that one of the biggest issues with the factory was too much downtime, the maintenance manager took steps to improve that matter. Logarythmic exposure calculator slide rules are commonly used to quickly and efficiently calculate radiographic exposure times based on current sealed sources activity and thickness of material. The product of milliamperage and exposure time has a direct proportional relationship with the quantity of x-rays produced. Lower kVp decreases the x-ray beam penetration, resulting in more absorption and less transmission, which results in greater variation in the x-ray intensities exiting the patient. When to Use. 120 mAs 65 mAs 36" X 2. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT, degrees Fahrenheit): Workload: What are the correction factors used for 3 phase 6 pulse & 3 phase 12 pulse? Differentiate between the types of exposure technique charts. Unfortunately, exposure is limited with a small focal spot size. Log In or Register to continue More often, the radiographer evaluates the level of contrast achieved to improve the contrast for additional radiographs or similar circumstances that arise with a different patient. As the time of the exposure is increased by a factor of 2, the number of x-ray photons coming out of the x-ray tube will also be increased by a factor of 2. How To Calculate Man Hours. A single injury or illness has a much greater effect on incidence rates in small establishments than on larger Part Thickness *Interest calculations based on 30/360 day calendar year. This means that the actual production time has A 15% decrease in kVp has the same effect as decreasing the mAs by half. density requires that the minimum amount of change in mAs be approximately 30% (depending on equipment, this may vary between 25% and 35%). Radiographs that have sufficient but not optimal density usually are not repeated. Types of Technique Charts Food can contain chemical residues as a result. calipers It is important for the radiographer to understand their effects individually and in combination. AKA the exposure maintenance formula: as SID increases, intensity decreases, causing a decrease in film exposure and density. I wrote this tool to plan long exposures outside my camera's typical range. Changing the kVp affects its absorption and transmission as it interacts with anatomic tissue; however, using a higher kVp reduces the total number of interactions and increases the amount of x-rays transmitted. 1) Daily volume formula: (100 mL for each of the first 10 kg) + (50 mL for each kg between 11 and 20) + (20 mL for each additional kg past 20 kg) = 1,000 mL + 500 mL + 120 mL = 1,620 mL. Kilovoltage is not a factor typically manipulated to vary the amount of IR exposure in film-screen imaging because the kVp also affects contrast. WebExample of a IV fluid calculation. (From Fauber TL: Radiographic imaging and exposure, ed 3, St Louis, 2009, Mosby.) Estimate the radiation dose to the surgeon, and compare it with common radiation exposure sources. As focal spot size changes, so does the amount of unsharpness. This produces a high-contrast radiographic image (. Chapter 5 Maintaining or adjusting exposure to the IR can be accomplished with kVp by using the 15% rule. This chapter discusses all of the primary and secondary factors and their effects on the radiation reaching the IR. Because various types of IRs respond differently to the radiation exiting the patient (remnant), these differences are noted throughout this chapter. WebThis points towards the requirement of proper scheduling of preventive maintenance activities, so that the work load is even for all days. FIGURE 10-7 kVp and Exit Beam IntensitiesLower kVp decreases the x-ray beam penetration, resulting in more absorption and less transmission, which results in greater variation in the x-ray intensities exiting the patient. Number Of Units (or Service Contracts Sold) Produced Per Period. Critical Concept 10-3 F-Number (Aperture) Sunny f/16 rule. If the radiograph necessitates an adjustment greater than a factor of 2, the radiographer should multiply or divide the mAs by 4 (Figure 10-3). Design Characteristics Adjusting Milliamperage or Exposure Time Recognize the factors that affect recorded detail and distortion. Using our exposure calculator is easy. The primary exposure technique factors the radiographer selects on the control panel are milliamperage, time of exposure, and kilovoltage peak (kVp). In 2015, the New York state legislature enacted a major revision to the maintenance law. Scatter radiation remains a concern at higher kVp and provides no useful information and always decreases the radiographic contrast. The effective focal spot is the origin of the x-ray beam and is the area as seen from the patients perspective. Calculate changes in milliamperage and exposure time to change or maintain exposure to the image receptor. Lab 2 continued Lab 2 Part 1 (average) 80 You can do that with the Mifflin-St Jeor formula that requires weight, height, age, and sex. Recognize the factors that affect recorded detail and distortion. A few months later, the average downtime per day was only 20 minutes. Radiographic images generally are not repeated to make only a slight visible change. Calculating Magnification If I choose my 3-stop ND filter, my shutter speed would be 1/3 of a second. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT, degrees Fahrenheit): Workload: Calculate changes in kVp to change or maintain exposure to the image receptor. Exposure techniques using higher kVp with lower mAs exposure techniques are recommended in digital imaging because contrast is primarily controlled during computer processing. Cn Tn)8 E is the equivalent exposure for the working shift. You can also check what the exact shutter speed should be if you add a Neutral Density (ND) filter. Radiographers have the responsibility of selecting the combination of exposure factors to produce a quality image. Use this calculator to quickly find out. Conditions Decreasing the kVp decreases the proportion of Compton scattering and increases radiographic contrast. Lab 2 continued Lab 2 Part 1 (average) 80 D= represents the depth of kVp and Radiographic Contrast About the new maintenance law. If a radiograph must be repeated because of another error, such as positioning, the radiographer may also use the opportunity to make an adjustment in density to produce a radiograph of optimal quality. WebLong Exposure Calculator app screen shot showing a baseline shutter speed of 1/25th of a second and the changes to the shutter speed depending on what ND filter I choose at the top. Typically, exposure occurs by one of three exposure routesinhalation, ingestion, or dermal. Consider using ideal body weight in obese patients. Z= gives us the straining of the outer fiber. WebCopyright 2005 Exposure Assessment Solutions, Inc. 2 EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING EXPOSURE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES Paul Hewett Ph.D. CIH 1 ABSTRACT The majority of exposure limits for gases, vapors, and particulates have as their implicit or explicit goal the control of exposures for each exposed employee. Critical Concept 10-1 Make the Physics Connection 10-4 Please read OSHAs Heat Hazard Recognition page for more information about WBGT, workload, acclimatization status, and clothing. Fill in the following form to determine whether a workers heat stress is above recommended limits. = 1.5 + 0.1 + 1.21 + 0.68 + 1.67 + 1.94 + 0.77. Higher kVp increases the penetrating power of the x-ray beam and results in less absorption and more transmission in the anatomic tissues, which results in less variation in the x-ray intensities exiting the patient (remnant). Focal Spot Size and Recorded Detail Calculate the magnification factor and determine image and object size. The quantity of radiation reaching the patient affects the amount of remnant radiation reaching the IR. Lets continue with the same example. X 300mAs 47" 60" This problem has been solved! However, the kVp has a greater effect on the image when using film-screen IRs. Because the milliamperage/second (mAs) controls the number of electrons boiled off of the filament and available to produce x-rays, it is considered the primary factor controlling quantity. The actual focal spot is the area being bombarded by the filament electrons. As x-ray photon energy increases, the probability of that photon penetrating a given tissue without interaction increases. direct square law formula maintains. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is calculated as follows. Special Considerations Excessive or insufficient mAs adversely affects image quality and affects patient radiation exposure. Man-hours are a crucial element in submitting a winning project bid as well as charging A change in either milliamperage or exposure time proportionally changes the mAs. WebExposure Calculations Properly exposing a radiograph is often a trial and error process, as there are many variables that affect the final radiograph. Logarythmic exposure calculator slide rules are commonly used to quickly and efficiently calculate radiographic exposure times based on current sealed sources activity and thickness of material. *** side note: You know that radiation exposure is directly proportional to mAs. WebThe scale allows one to make ratio comparisons on intensity ratings and to determine the magnitude of direct. It equals a net exposure of 60%. ASTM Standards: Consensus Standards For Systems, Services, Materials And Product. WebThis points towards the requirement of proper scheduling of preventive maintenance activities, so that the work load is even for all days. Man-hours are a crucial element in submitting a winning project bid as well as charging Use this calculator to quickly find out. Although the level of brightness has been adjusted, there may be increased quantum noise visible within the image. In these interactions, more Compton scattering than x-ray absorption occurs (photoelectric effect) and more scatter exits the patient. Product Enquiry. WebBelow is the formula used by OSHA to determine the cumulative exposure for an eight-hour shift: E = (Ca Ta+Cb Tb+. When the radiograph is deemed unacceptable, this means the optical densities lie outside the films sensitometric curves straight-line portion, and may need to be repeated. In addition, whenever a 15% change is made in the kVp to maintain the exposure to the IR, the radiographer must adjust the mAs by a factor of 2. The mAs does not have a direct effect on image brightness when using digital IRs. If not calculating based on ideal body weight, use clinical judgment for dosing. However, regardless of the type of IR, the patient should be exposed to the least amount of radiation necessary to produce a diagnostic-quality radiograph. WebReview List the three methods of reducing your exposure/dose: Intensity decreases _____ with the square of the distance from the source due only to the change in _____. To best visualize the anatomic area of interest, the mAs selected must produce a sufficient amount of radiation reaching the IR, regardless of type. Critical Concept 10-4 To maintain exposure to the IR, when increasing the kVp by 15% (kVp 1.15), divide the original mAs by 2. Risk is calculated by multiplying the impact or "value" of a loss with its frequency or probability of occurring. Calculate changes in mAs for changes in source-to-image receptor distance. WebUse the Exposure Maintenance Formula. Math Application 10-3 When adequate penetration is achieved, further increasing the kVp results in more radiation reaching the IR. Digital IRs can detect a wider range of radiation intensities (wider dynamic range) exiting the patient and therefore are not as dependent on the mAs as film-screen IRs. A patients age, condition, and the presence of a pathologic condition also affect the amount of mAs required for the procedure. You may need to run the calculator multiple times to get a complete picture Please read OSHAs Heat Hazard Recognition page for more information about WBGT, workload, acclimatization status, and clothing. Log In or, (From Fauber TL: Radiographic imaging and exposure, ed 3, St Louis, 2009, Mosby.). WebUsed to determine how to maintain density when SID is changed. WebThe scale allows one to make ratio comparisons on intensity ratings and to determine the magnitude of direct. Critical Concept 10-6 old mAs New mAs Old Distance New Distance 1. Calculate changes in mAs for changes in source-to-image receptor distance. Weight. = 7.787/7. Grids Maintenance margin is the amount of equity, expressed as a percentage, that must be maintained in a margin account. Higher kVp and lower mAs values are not recommended as a general rule during film-screen imaging because of the contrast required to best visualize the anatomic structures. Film-Screen Speed Chapter 9 emphasizes that a good-quality radiographic image accurately represents the anatomic area of interest. As a health and safety personnel you need to understand how to calculate man-hour since it is necessary for determining the health and Safety performance. WebLong Exposure Calculator app screen shot showing a baseline shutter speed of 1/25th of a second and the changes to the shutter speed depending on what ND filter I choose at the top. = 1.5 + 0.1 + 1.21 + 0.68 + 1.67 + 1.94 + 0.77. The physical dimensions of the focal spot on the anode target in x-ray tubes used in standard radiographic applications usually range from 0.5 to 1.2 mm. Adjusting Milliamperage and Exposure Time to Maintain mAs AKA the exposure maintenance formula: as SID increases, intensity decreases, causing a decrease in film exposure and density. FIGURE 10-8 Focal Spot Size and Recorded Detail.Focal spot size influences the amount of unsharpness recorded in the image. However, with this increase in photon energy, the likelihood of Compton interactions relative to photoelectric interactions also increases. Calculate the magnification factor and determine image and object size. Man hours is the total hour worked over a specific period of time. The distance between the source of the radiation and the IR, source-to-image receptor distance (SID) Kilovoltage and Digital Image Quality Expected Number of Warranty Claims in a Period. The mAs has a direct effect on the amount of radiographic density produced when using a film-screen IR. Web1 The Basics of the Exposure Time Calculator The DCT Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) is based upon the Appendix in the Direct Imaging Manual for Kitt Peak (Massey et al. The probability of Compton scattering is related to the energy of the photon. 80kVp0.85=68kVp The voltage potential used to generate the x-rays (KeV). If the mAs is too low (low exposure to the digital IR), image brightness is adjusted during computer processing to achieve the desired level. During computer processing, image brightness is maintained when the mAs is too low or too high. 3 phase 6 pulse 1.35 (35%) & 3 phase 12 pulse 1.41 (41%). Radiographs generally are not repeated because of contrast errors. Why Use. WebThe formula is based off of the assumption that hospitalized patients have greater energy expenditure and determines fluid requirements based on weight alone (a proxy for energy expenditure in a non-linear relationship).
Mlife Credit Card Approval Score, Articles E